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Noise music is perhaps the definitive “anti-music.” The genre features a number of artists whose work is best described as a form of “sound art.” Noise breaks through the boundaries and constraints imposed within traditional music genres and due to its total disregard for standard concepts of musical theory, it is often considered entirely unlistenable to those Service Industries Definition unfamiliar with the genre. Forming an exact definition of noise can be difficult, although it has often been described as being made up of “unwanted” sounds or sounds that are inappropriate for a particular situation. By this definition, the perception of what is noise has changed over time and also varies from culture to culture as well as from person to person.
Despite the fact that nowadays it is frequently associated with modern industrial artists or Japanese noise artists (so-called “Japanoise” bands) such as Merzbow, the development of modern noise music can be traced back to the beginning on the 20th century. A member of the futurist movement, Luigi Russolo, is often cited as one of the first noise Small Scale Industries Pdf artists. Russolo envisioned noise as the music of the future, which he outlined in “The Art of Noises,” first released in 1913. To demonstrate his ideas on how this future music would sound, Russolo built a number of noisemaking machines to form a “noise orchestra.” Russolo’s performances were generally not well-received by audiences of the time.
Modern noise emerged more than a half a century later, over the course of the 1970s and 1980s and owes much of its development to industrial noise groups such as Current 93, Hafler Trio, Throbbing Gristle, Coil, Laibach, Nurse with Wound and Einst?�rzende Neubauten. These bands mixed conventional instruments such as guitars with other sound sources such as metal percussion and self-made noisemaking devices.
Since there are no stylistic guidelines to define noise music, there are also no requirements placed on the equipment used to create it. Noise can be made using traditional instruments, which can be seen to a large extent in the related genres of Free Jazz and Noise Rock, or by using non-instruments and “found sounds” (recordings of non-instrumental sounds and noises). In the early days of noise, artists often experimented with splicing together recordings made on tape machines. Today, this process has largely been replaced by modern hardware and software samplers.
Many noise artists are known for creating their own self-made instruments and noise machines, either in the form of hardware synthesizers or effects boxes or using modern software tools such as Max/MSP. Masami Akita, the man behind the prolific Japanese Noise project Merzbow, also builds his own guitars used on his recordings and during live performances. More conventional gear often used by noise artists includes the Roland SH-101 hardware synthesizer and the digital audio workstation Ableton Live.…
Tag: history
A Cursory Run Through the History of Chocolate
In 1753, Carl Linnaeus named the tree that provides the essential ingredient for chocolate Theobroma cacao. Theobroma is Greek for ‘food of the gods’ and cacao, a Mayan word with etymology that extends through preceding civilizations as far back as 1000 B.C. Michael D. Coe, the eminent scholar of Mayan cultures, commented “The face-off between the two worlds is nicely illustrated by [this] scientific name…” and writers, and historians writing on the subject seem often to begin around this crux on the historical calendar, despite the fact that it is so far over on one end of the timeline.
It’s probably because chocolate as we know it, as it is defined by governments for food marketing and health regulations, did not really exist until around the time of its addition to Linnaeus’ binomial nomenclature. To be more exacting, it was almost 100 years later in 1828 that a Dutch guy named Van Houten patented a machine that enabled production in the bar form that is now conventional. Industrialization Definition Twenty years later in 1847, another guy named Fry, this time an Englishman, used the machine to manufacture the candy this way, powered by steam engines to mass market them. When Europeans in the 1700s used the word, its denotation was the original bitter liquid that was handed down by the Aztecs and Mayans, albeit with alterations such as sugar, cinnamon, or milk.
Basically, what Van Houten’s machine did was press fermented, dried, and ground cacao beans, a.k.a ‘cotyledons’, a.a.k.a ‘nibs’, into fine powder, a.k.a. ‘cocoa’ , dislodging it from much of the fat molecules (‘cocoa butter’) that constituted 55% of its mass while keeping the other molecules intact. Van Houten then treated the cocoa with an alkalizing Example Of Product Competition chemical such as potassium carbonate to lower the acidity, taking the edge off the bitter flavor. The cocoa was mixed (this is where Fry comes in) with sugar and additional cocoa butter and then, through an even more elaborate process, made to crystallize in a structure that gave it the smooth, pleasing texture that melts in your mouth.
At the time Linnaeus was applying his playfully reverent, slightly European chauvinist categorization, chocolate was being consumed in pretty much the same fashion as the people of Central America had been consuming it for 3-4,000 years. Evidence for its cultivation and use between 1800-1400 B.C. exist with artifacts that contain traces of theobromine, which is a chemical attributed to cacao and only a few other members of its genus, Theobroma. There are ancient drawings of the tree, connected to gods and legendary heroes, or that depict its traditional preparation, pouring it from one jar into another to work up a layer of foam on top.
It took some time to gain acceptance in Europe. The way the Aztecs took it, it was a bitter, frothy drink usually flavored with intense spices like chili pepper. The conquistadors reacted in pretty much the same way we all did as kids, trying baking chocolate …
Automotive Industry – The Fascinating History
It is always fascinating to take a look at the creation of products that we rely on so unconsciously in our daily lives. None is more exciting than the history of the automotive Types Of Manufacturing Industry. History credits a French engineer by the name of Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot for building the first automobile in 1769. This vehicle was more like a military tractor with three wheels than what we know of as a car. The engine ran on steam and could only run for fifteen minutes at a time. The steam engine evolved as various inventors were able to obtain patents and in 1806 the trend started with cars operating with internal combustion engines which ran on gasoline.
The history of the automotive industry truly came of age in 1903 when Henry Ford started an automobile empire in a converted factory. His company became one of the few to survive the Great Depression. In 1914 Ford started producing cars in bulk by creating what we know as assembly lines. This was the point where the automobile began its popularity. The U.S. dominated the industry around the world until the end of World War II in 1945. At that time nations that were technologically advanced such as Germany and Japan were able to gain momentum and become serious competition within the automobile industry.
The success seen in the history of the automotive Competitor Response Profile Definition is due to three basic factors; price, quality and depreciation. Cars have always continued to get more expensive. A car such as a Cadillac Seville, as an example, retailed for around $20,000 in 1989. That same car in a model produced just five years later retailed at $36,000. The quality of cars continues to evolve as well. They are truly built to last. The depreciation of new cars continues to remain consistent. You can expect a car to lose about 28% of its value the moment it is driven off the dealership lot.
The history of the automotive industry would not be complete without a look into the future. With the trend of manufacturers to produce “green” vehicles we are seeing a surge of hybrid and hydrogen cars with many new and innovative ideas waiting for production. The goal is to produce a vehicle that is environmentally safe while still cost effective and affordable. Cars that we only dream about today are destined to become a reality tomorrow.…
The History of the Quaker Lace Company
If you enjoy a beautiful Thanksgiving table, look forward to a white wedding, baptismal, or simply appreciate the beauty of lace curtains and linens, you might owe more than you think to the Quaker Lace Company.
The Quaker Lace Company of Philadelphia was founded in 1889 and started out as the Bromley Manufacturing Company, founded by the three sons of John Bromley. Mr. Bromley was an English carpet weaver who immigrated to Philadelphia in the 1840s and later became the patriarch of one of the city’s largest textile enterprises. To large-produce lace for America, the Bromleys dipped into the profits they had made on their carpet business in Importance Of Service Marketing Slideshare England. This allowed them import not only expensive lace looms, but also the skilled weavers to produce them from Nottingham, England. In 1894, they renamed the business The Lehigh Manufacturing Company, and moved into an impressive manufacturing complex at the corner of 4th Street and Lehigh Avenue in Philadelphia’s Kensington neighborhood. Later on, they opened another factory at 22nd and Lehigh, said to be the largest in the world.
Finally incorporated as the Quaker Lace Company in 1911, the firm quickly gained national attention as the nation’s lace industry leader. Q L’s ability to successfully market machine-made lace as a stylish lifestyle for middle-class homes and women’s fashions, made it a household name. By the early 1900’s, Quaker Lace came close to surpassing the regal place of Nottingham, the place from which they obtained their looms, weavers, and designers. One of their more popular brochures proclaimed: “America has taste and individuality that should find expression in an American lace industry. Why not try to develop here a more perfect lace than that produced in Nottingham and Calais, the lace markets of the world?”
The success of Q L was due in large to their ability to adopt to meet their middle-class customers’ desires for lace that was both luxurious and durable. Q L was a success, as the mechanization of lace-making offered average Americans the unique opportunity to wear and decorate their homes with what was previously a luxury item. Another very successful brochure invited the used of lace in fashion, ” part of a woman’s wardrobe which may not be beautified by the use of Quaker Laces,” citing the “originality, authoritativeness and timeliness” of their designs.
One of their most admired designers lured away from the English and European industries, was designer Frederick Vessey. Recognizing the public’s desire for beauty and durability, the company released one of their most successful brochures yet, one that emphasized the technical features of Quaker Lace nets that allowed their curtains to resist pulls, stretching, and distortion after washing without losing that essential quality of transparency.
During the second world war, the public’s purchasing power and interest diminished. This was one of many swings in the textile industry. As the market for lace curtains continued to decline, the firm turned to producing practical goods like mosquito or camouflage netting for the military. In …
The History of the Quaker Lace Company
If you enjoy a beautiful Thanksgiving table, look forward to a white wedding, baptismal, or simply appreciate the beauty of lace curtains and linens, you might owe more than you think to the Quaker Lace Company.
The Quaker Lace Company of Philadelphia was founded in 1889 and started out as the Bromley Manufacturing Company, founded by the three sons of John Bromley. Mr. Bromley was an English carpet weaver who immigrated to Philadelphia in the 1840s and later became the patriarch of one of the city’s largest textile enterprises. To large-produce lace for America, the Bromleys dipped into the profits they had made on their carpet business in Importance Of Service Marketing Slideshare England. This allowed them import not only expensive lace looms, but also the skilled weavers to produce them from Nottingham, England. In 1894, they renamed the business The Lehigh Manufacturing Company, and moved into an impressive manufacturing complex at the corner of 4th Street and Lehigh Avenue in Philadelphia’s Kensington neighborhood. Later on, they opened another factory at 22nd and Lehigh, said to be the largest in the world.
Finally incorporated as the Quaker Lace Company in 1911, the firm quickly gained national attention as the nation’s lace industry leader. Q L’s ability to successfully market machine-made lace as a stylish lifestyle for middle-class homes and women’s fashions, made it a household name. By the early 1900’s, Quaker Lace came close to surpassing the regal place of Nottingham, the place from which they obtained their looms, weavers, and designers. One of their more popular brochures proclaimed: “America has taste and individuality that should find expression in an American lace industry. Why not try to develop here a more perfect lace than that produced in Nottingham and Calais, the lace markets of the world?”
The success of Q L was due in large to their ability to adopt to meet their middle-class customers’ desires for lace that was both luxurious and durable. Q L was a success, as the mechanization of lace-making offered average Americans the unique opportunity to wear and decorate their homes with what was previously a luxury item. Another very successful brochure invited the used of lace in fashion, ” part of a woman’s wardrobe which may not be beautified by the use of Quaker Laces,” citing the “originality, authoritativeness and timeliness” of their designs.
One of their most admired designers lured away from the English and European industries, was designer Frederick Vessey. Recognizing the public’s desire for beauty and durability, the company released one of their most successful brochures yet, one that emphasized the technical features of Quaker Lace nets that allowed their curtains to resist pulls, stretching, and distortion after washing without losing that essential quality of transparency.
During the second world war, the public’s purchasing power and interest diminished. This was one of many swings in the textile industry. As the market for lace curtains continued to decline, the firm turned to producing practical goods like mosquito or camouflage netting for the military. In …
Ear Piercing – History and Types
The history of ear piercing goes back to ancient Perspolis in Persia. It is recorded that there were illustrations of soldiers with earrings in the walls of this city. During Dark Ages earrings and other jewelry declined as almost all the populace was impoverished. After the rise of nations later jewelry including earrings was the sign of luxury and high status in society. During the Middle Ages gorgeous dresses and elaborate hairstyles were in fashion and earrings were not so popular. But a bit later when the hair was worn up and the collars became higher earrings got back their popularity. During the next centuries more and more skillful jewel experts appeared and new types of earrings were designed.
In the middle of 19th century it was popular to tied the hair behind the head covering the ears, hats were in fashion and there were no place for earrings. It was also the time when society and religious establishments associated earrings with excess, vanity and heathens and earrings lost their popularity. At the beginning of the 20th century Concept Of Manufacturing Pdf non-pierced clip-on earrings appeared and simultaneously sailors began to wear earrings as the symbol of their adventures. In the sixties hippies and homosexuals were those who helped to rise the popularity of earrings, in the seventies punk rockers inspired the wearing of multiple earrings and in the eighties women began to wear earrings.
Nowadays ear piercing is the common type of body modification which is popular with men, women and children all Benefits Of Service Growth In India over the world. Sometimes parents pierce the ears of their daughters even when they are only one year old.
There are various types of piercing and the most widespread is ear lobe piercing. It is the less painful type of ear piercings. Though the soft tissue of the lobe is the best place for quick painless piercing there are at least eight other places where ear can be pierced. The other popular types of ear piercing are vertical, industrial, helix, orbital and anti orbital piercings. Helix piercing is a piercing along the outside rim of the ear and though it is rather difficult to do it is still very popular nowadays. The other widespread type of ear piercing is industrial piercing that joins two holes in the ear with a long straight barbell and you can also wear two single barbells in these holes. Ear gauging is the other popular type of ear modification- a noticeable or even very large hole in the ear lobe looks up-to-date and unusual at the same time.
The healing process of ear piercing lasts for about two months and it is important to follow all recommendations that include keeping the wound clean, avoiding swimming, not keeping phones and other subjects close to the pierced ear.
The choice of ear piercing jewelry nowadays is very wide and there are many trusted on-line jewelry stores that offers high quality and stylish barbells, captive bead rings, ear …
The History of Ergonomics
The International Ergonomics Association Types Of Manufacturing Process defines “ergonomics” thusly:
the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a systems, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance.
In simpler terms, ergonomics is the study and design of equipment International Competition and devices to better fit the human body and its movement.
Basic ergonomics has existed since the first ancestors of modern man began creating primitive tools to make tasks easier. Archaeological evidence from as far back as some of the earliest Egyptian dynasties, and other, more concrete findings from 5th Century BCE Greece, have shown that tools, household equipment, and other manmade devices illustrated sophisticated (for their time) ergonomic principles. Shortly after the Industrial Revolution, factory machinery and equipment started being built with design considerations closer to what we think of today as “ergonomics.” Most of those designs, however, were created to increase the speed and efficiency of production, rather than to create comfort and/or ease of use for the workers involved.
Ergonomics in the modern sense began to become more widespread during World War II. Military equipment, machinery, and weaponry-specifically airplanes-was becoming increasingly complex. The design of airplane cockpits included highly sophisticated controls, but as these controls had little to no logical organization, even the best-trained pilots often crashed fully-functional planes. As a result, cockpit interiors were redesigned to include more easily differentiable controls and more logical control placement, grouping similar functions together.
After the innovations of World War II, ergonomics continued to flourish, as its principles were further applied to evolving technologies. The Space Race lead to what could be called “hypothetical ergonomics,” as scientists tried to predict the effects of weightlessness and extreme g-forces on human functions. Perhaps the most significant development in modern ergonomics was in the field of human-computer interaction, brought on by the explosion of computer usage in the workplace and, soon after, the home.
The science of modern ergonomics includes the work of industrial engineers, occupational medical physicians, safety engineers, and many others studying both “cognitive ergonomics” (human behavior, decision making processes, perception relative to design, etc.) and “industrial ergonomics” (physical aspects of the workplace, human physical abilities, etc.).
Nearly every aspect of modern life now includes some level of ergonomic design. Automobile interiors, kitchen appliances, office chairs and desks, and other frequently used devices are designed ergonomically. Even the machines and tools used to build and assemble those devices are superbly ergonomic. By maximizing efficiency and, more importantly, user comfort and safety, ergonomics continues to make life easier.…